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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Na&#239;ve and Effector CD8 T Cells
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Measuring Mitochondrial Function of Naïve and Effector CD8 T Cells

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The glucose transporter 2 regulates CD8+ T cell function via environment sensing.

Hongmei Fu1, Juho Vuononvirta1, Silvia Fanti1

  • 1William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

Nature Metabolism
|October 26, 2023
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Summary

Glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) is crucial for CD8+ T cell effector responses by regulating glucose uptake and metabolism. Its expression adapts to the cellular environment, offering a potential therapeutic target for immunomodulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • T cell activation requires significant metabolic reprogramming to support energy demands.
  • Glucose uptake and glycolysis are critical for T cell proliferation, differentiation, and effector function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) in CD8+ T cell effector responses.
  • To understand the regulation and functional significance of Glut2 in T cells.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Glut2 expression in mouse CD8+ T cells under various environmental conditions.
  • Investigation of molecular mechanisms regulating Glut2 expression, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha, galectin-9, and stomatin.
  • Assessment of Glut2's impact on glucose uptake, glycolysis, and glucose storage in T cells.

Main Results:

  • Glut2 promotes glucose uptake, glycolysis, and glucose storage, thereby regulating CD8+ T cell effector responses in mice.
  • Glut2 expression is modulated by environmental factors like glucose availability, oxygen levels, and extracellular pH.
  • Glut2 is highly expressed in circulating, recently primed T cells but downregulated in glucose-deprived inflammatory environments.

Conclusions:

  • Glut2 plays a vital role in T cell metabolic adaptation and effector function.
  • The regulation of Glut2 by environmental cues and molecular interactions highlights its dynamic role in immune responses.
  • Targeting Glut2 in human T cells presents a potential strategy for therapeutic immunomodulation.