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Related Concept Videos

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes02:36

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Attaching Biological Probes to Silica Optical Biosensors Using Silane Coupling Agents
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A "Green" Stirring Plasma Functionalization Strategy for Controllable Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups on

Xiao Chen1,2,3,4, Kevin Magniez3,5, Pengchao Zhang1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A novel green plasma strategy functionalizes polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) sub-micron particles. This method precisely controls oxygen-containing groups for advanced composite membrane fillers.

Keywords:
POSScarboxyl groupsfunctionalizationhydroxyl groupsplasma treatmentselective grafting

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) materials are effective fillers in composite membranes for separations.
  • Surface functionalization is crucial for POSS applications but challenging with traditional wet-chemistry methods due to hazardous by-products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a "green" plasma strategy for functionalizing octa-methyl POSS sub-micron particles.
  • To achieve designable oxygen-containing functional groups on POSS surfaces.
  • To offer an environmentally friendly alternative to wet-chemistry approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a low-pressure oxygen plasma with combined continuous wave (CW) and pulsed (CW+P) modes.
  • Employed CW mode for surface etching and activation of POSS.
  • Used pulsed plasma to graft oxygen species onto methyl groups, forming hydroxyl and carboxyl groups.

Main Results:

  • Successfully functionalized octa-methyl POSS sub-micron particles with oxygen-containing groups.
  • Achieved precise control, yielding approximately one hydroxyl or carboxyl group per POSS cage corner.
  • Demonstrated functionalization without damaging the POSS core structure.

Conclusions:

  • The presented plasma process is a controllable method for surface functionalization of sub-micron particles.
  • This approach offers a more environmentally friendly pathway for preparing functionalized POSS fillers.
  • The findings support the use of plasma technology for designing advanced materials for separation applications.