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Emergomycosis, an Emerging Thermally Dimorphic Fungal Infection: A Systematic Review
Kalaiselvi Vinayagamoorthy1, Dinesh Reddy Gangavaram2, Anna Skiada3
1Centre for Public Health (U.I.E.A.S.T), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, Punjab, India.
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
|October 27, 2023
Summary
Emergomycosis, a fungal infection, predominantly affects individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other immunocompromised states. Early diagnosis and antifungal treatment are crucial for managing this condition and reducing mortality rates.
Area of Science:
- Medical Mycology
- Infectious Diseases
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Emergomycosis is an endemic mycosis caused by *Emergomyces* species, with global reports of infection.
- Understanding the epidemiology, risk factors, and outcomes of emergomycosis is essential for clinical management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a systematic review of *Emergomyces* infections.
- To analyze disease epidemiology, risk factors, causative agents, treatment, and outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Systematic search of MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases.
- Inclusion of 77 cases of emergomycosis reported from January 1990 to October 2022.
Main Results:
- Emergomycosis primarily affects human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients (79.2%).
- Key risk factors include low CD4+ T-cell counts, anemia, and thrombocytopenia in HIV-infected patients; and immunosuppressive drugs, renal disease, transplant, and diabetes in HIV-uninfected patients.
- *Emergomyces africanus* (71.4%) is the most common agent, particularly in HIV-infected individuals, while *E. pasteurianus* is more frequent in HIV-uninfected patients.
- The overall all-cause mortality rate is 42.9%, with no significant difference between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected groups.
Conclusions:
- The incidence of emergomycosis may rise with increasing global immunosuppression, including HIV infection.
- Clinicians and mycologists must maintain a high index of suspicion for early diagnosis and treatment.
- Prompt initiation of antifungal therapy is vital to prevent mortality associated with emergomycosis.
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