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Related Concept Videos

Biological Methods for Microbial Control01:28

Biological Methods for Microbial Control

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Biological agents offer an effective means of controlling microbial growth by leveraging natural processes like predation, competition, and the secretion of antimicrobial substances.Predatory bacteria such as Bdellovibrio species target and kill pathogens like Salmonella and E. coli. They are widely used in poultry farms to control infections. Myxococcus species help combat plant-pathogenic fungi. These naturally occurring predators serve as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and...
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Methods for Controlling Microbial Growth01:29

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Microbial growth control refers to various methods employed to inhibit, reduce, or eliminate microorganisms to ensure safety and hygiene across different settings. These methods are categorized based on the target environment and the level of microbial control required.Biocides are versatile agents designed to control microorganisms by either inhibiting their growth or outright killing them. These agents work through various physical, chemical, mechanical, or biological mechanisms. The...
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Heat is a widely used method to control microbial growth by targeting and denaturing cellular proteins, thereby killing or inactivating microbes. This method's effectiveness is quantified using parameters such as the thermal death point (TDP), thermal death time (TDT), and decimal reduction time (D value). TDP represents the lowest temperature at which all microorganisms in a liquid suspension are eliminated within 10 minutes, whereas TDT is the time necessary to achieve sterilization at a...
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Chemical Agents for Microbial Control01:27

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Chemicals play important roles in controlling microbial growth by targeting microbial structures and functions as sanitizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants.Alcohols are commonly used sanitizers, effectively disrupting lipid membranes, which compromises cell integrity. They are also used as antiseptics and disinfectants due to their rapid action and versatility.Phenols and their derivatives phenolics , known for denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, are particularly...
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Dithiocarbamates: Properties, Methodological Approaches and Challenges to Their Control.

Claudia Campanale1, Mariangela Triozzi1, Annamaria Ragonese1

  • 1CNR-IRSA, National Research Council of Italy, Water Research Institute, V.le F. De Blasio 5, 70132 Bari, Italy.

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Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) are widely used fungicides in agriculture despite rapid environmental degradation. This review covers their environmental fate, toxicity, and detection, highlighting concerns over residue exceedances and human health effects.

Keywords:
agriculturebiomonitoringcarbamatesethylene thioureagreen dealpesticidesplant protection productspropylene thioureasustainabilitytoxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) are ancient, broad-spectrum fungicides crucial for global crop protection.
  • Their multi-site mode of action and cost-effectiveness ensure continued extensive use in modern agriculture.
  • Despite rapid environmental breakdown, DTCs are frequently detected in the EU, often exceeding maximum residue levels (MRLs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review dithiocarbamates (DTCs).
  • To cover environmental fate, toxicity, and analytical methods for DTCs and their degradation products.
  • To examine DTC accumulation in food, environmental, and biological samples and assess human health impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of dithiocarbamate pesticides.
  • Analysis of environmental degradation pathways (photolysis, hydrolysis).
  • Review of analytical techniques for detecting DTCs and metabolites in various matrices.

Main Results:

  • DTCs exhibit rapid environmental degradation but are frequently detected residues.
  • High frequency of MRL exceedances observed in European Union monitoring.
  • Accumulation in food, environmental, and human samples is a significant concern.

Conclusions:

  • DTCs remain vital agricultural fungicides due to efficacy and low cost.
  • Concerns persist regarding environmental persistence, residue levels, and potential human health risks.
  • Further research on analytical methods and health effects is warranted.