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Colloids and Suspensions

Colloids and Suspensions

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...

Colloids

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Coagulation

Coagulation

Colloidal solids are solid particles suspended in solution. They are usually negatively charged, attracting a compact primary layer of positively charged ions, which attract more counterions to form an electrical double layer. Electrostatic repulsion between the charged double layers prevents the particles from colliding, stabilizing the colloids. These solids are often undesirable because they can contain toxins that are difficult to remove. Coagulation is a technique that helps aggregate and...

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

Nonequilibrium interactions between multi-scale colloids regulate the suspension microstructure and rheology.

Yaxin Xu¹, Sho C Takatori¹

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. stakatori@ucsb.edu.

|October 27, 2023

Summary

Non-equilibrium colloidal suspensions require new models. This study shows that effective interactions and viscosity depend on particle timescales, not just equilibrium potentials, for accurate predictions in dynamic systems.

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Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

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Area of Science:

Colloid and Interface Science
Soft Matter Physics
Computational Fluid Dynamics

Background:

Understanding non-equilibrium interactions in multi-component colloidal suspensions is crucial for self-assembly and material processing.
Key questions involve how component distributions affect interparticle interactions and flow behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a first-principle framework for studying bidisperse suspensions of colloids and depletants.
To investigate the influence of non-equilibrium dynamics on effective interparticle interactions and suspension viscosity.

Main Methods:

Utilized a Smoluchowski equation framework.
Corroborated findings with Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations.
Employed nonlinear microrheology as a case study.

Main Results:

Effective depletion interactions in driven colloids are sensitive to out-of-equilibrium particle timescales.
Equilibrium-based potentials (e.g., Asakura-Oosawa) cannot predict these non-equilibrium interactions.
Interplay between Brownian relaxation timescales of different species critically governs suspension viscosity.

Conclusions:

Equilibrium pair potentials are insufficient for approximating interparticle interactions in non-equilibrium processes like hydrodynamic flows.
The developed framework is useful for studying transport in driven, interacting suspensions.