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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

8.9K
The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
8.9K
Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

Additional Subnuclear Structures

4.6K
The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles,...
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Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Directionality of Nuclear Transport01:42

Directionality of Nuclear Transport

3.3K
Ras-related nuclear protein or Ran is a small G protein that cycles between its GTP and GDP bound states. Ran specific regulators, a Ran GTPase Activating Protein or RanGAP present in the cytosol and a Ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor or RanGEF present inside the nucleus regulate GTP/GDP exchange. A high concentration of GTP inside the cells, in addition to this asymmetric distribution of  Ran-specific regulators, leads to a higher RanGTP concentration inside the nucleus. This...
3.3K
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

13.2K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
13.2K
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

3.7K
The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Methods to Classify Cytoplasmic Foci as Mammalian Stress Granules
09:33

Methods to Classify Cytoplasmic Foci as Mammalian Stress Granules

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Formation, function, and pathology of RNP granules.

Nina Ripin1, Roy Parker1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.

Cell
|October 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are essential membrane-less organelles involved in RNA regulation. Their formation, function, and dysregulation are crucial in cell physiology and human diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules are vital membrane-less organelles formed by complex interactions.
  • These granules play significant roles in RNA physiology, though their functions are often not fully understood.
  • Dysregulation of RNP granules is linked to various human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the fundamental principles governing RNP granule formation and function.
  • To highlight the regulatory mechanisms controlling RNP granule assembly and dynamics.
  • To underscore the connection between RNP granule dysfunction and human pathology.

Main Methods:

  • The study is based on a review of existing literature and established principles in the field.

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Purification and Visualization of Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes

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Visualization of G3BP Stress Granules Dynamics in Live Primary Cells

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Purification and Visualization of Influenza A Viral Ribonucleoprotein Complexes
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  • Analysis of molecular interactions (RNA-RNA, RNA-protein, protein-protein) driving RNP granule formation.
  • Examination of cellular regulatory mechanisms, including posttranslational modifications and chaperones.

    • Main Results:

    • RNP granule formation is driven by the size, concentration, and multivalent interactions of RNPs.
    • Cells employ diverse mechanisms like posttranslational modifications and chaperones to regulate granule assembly.
    • RNP granules significantly influence cellular physiology and their misregulation contributes to disease.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding RNP granule formation requires considering multivalent interactions and cellular regulation.
    • RNP granules are critical players in cellular processes, and their dysfunction has pathological consequences.
    • Further research is needed to fully grasp the scale, mechanisms, and disease relevance of RNP granule functions.