Exploring the Tumor-Suppressing Potential of PSCA in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with low survival rates. We explored an innovative therapeutic approach by leveraging prognostic oncogenic markers. Instead of inhibiting these marker genes, we harnessed their tumor-modifying potential in the extracellular domain. Surprisingly, many of the proteins highly expressed in PDAC, which is linked to poor survival, exhibited tumor-suppressing qualities in the extracellular environment. For instance, prostate stem cell antigens (PSCA), associated with reduced survival, acted as tumor suppressors when introduced extracellularly. We performed in vitro assays to assess the proliferation and migration and evaluated the tumor-modifying capacity of extracellular factors from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in PDAC tissues. Molecular docking analysis, immunoprecipitation, Western blotting, and RNA interference were employed to study the regulatory mechanism. Extracellular PSCA recombinant protein notably curtailed the viability, motility, and transwell invasion of PDAC cells. Its anti-PDAC effects were partially mediated by Mesothelin (MSLN), another highly expressed tumor-associated antigen in PDAC. The anti-tumor effects of extracellular PSCA complemented those of chemotherapeutic agents like Irinotecan, 5-Fluorouracil, and Oxaliplatin. PSCA expression increased in a conditioned medium derived from PBMCs and T lymphocytes. This study unveils the paradoxical anti-PDAC potential of PSCA, hinting at the dual roles of oncoproteins like PSCA in PDAC suppression.