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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Related Experiment Video

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Innate Immunity in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease during Pregnancy.

Tatjana Bogović Crnčić1, Neva Girotto1, Maja Ilić Tomaš1

  • 1Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|October 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) impacts pregnancy due to immune system adaptations and hormonal shifts. Maintaining thyroid health is crucial for maternal and fetal well-being.

Keywords:
NK cellsNKT cellsautoimmune thyroid diseasedendritic cellsneutrophilspregnancy

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), including Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and Graves' disease (GD), is common.
  • AITD arises from complex genetic, environmental, and immune factors.
  • Pregnancy significantly alters thyroid function due to metabolic and hormonal changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the influence of pregnancy on autoimmune thyroid disease.
  • To understand the role of maternal immune system adaptations during pregnancy in AITD.
  • To highlight the risks of untreated thyroid disorders on fertility and pregnancy outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on AITD, pregnancy, and immune system modulation.
  • Analysis of hormonal influences (estrogen, progesterone, hCG) on innate immune cells, particularly NK cells.
  • Examination of the impact of pre-existing thyroid disorders on reproductive health.

Main Results:

  • Pregnancy-induced immune adaptations and hormonal changes can exacerbate AITD, especially impacting NK cells.
  • Pre-existing thyroid dysfunction poses risks including infertility, placental abruption, miscarriage, and premature birth.
  • Fetal complications include growth retardation and potential neurodevelopmental impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Maintaining thyroid equilibrium in women of reproductive age and during pregnancy is critical.
  • Hormonal modulation of innate immunity during pregnancy may worsen AITD.
  • Effective management of AITD is essential for successful pregnancy outcomes.