System Design and Echo Preprocessing of Spaceborne Squinted Two-Dimensional Beam Scanning Synthetic Aperture Radar

Conventional squinted sliding spotlight synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging suffers from substantial swath width reduction and complex processing requirements due to the continuous variation in the squint angle and the large range cell migration (RCM) throughout the data acquisition interval. A novel two-dimensional (2D) beam scanning mode for high-resolution wide swath (HRWS) imaging is proposed. The key to the novel imaging mode lies in the synchronous scanning of azimuth and range beams, allowing for a broader and more flexible imaging swath with a high geometric resolution. Azimuth beam scanning from fore to aft was used to improve the azimuth resolution, while range beam scanning was adopted to illuminate the oblique wide swath to avoid the large RCM and the serious swath width reduction. Compared with the conventional sliding spotlight mode, both the swath width and swath length could be extended. According to the echo model of this imaging mode, an echo signal preprocessing approach is proposed. The key points of this approach are range data extension and azimuth data upsampling. A designed system example with a resolution of 0.5 m, swath width of 60 km, and azimuth coverage length of 134 km is presented. Furthermore, a simulation experiment on point targets was carried out. Both the presented system example and imaging results of point targets validated the proposed imaging mode.