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Using Cholesky Decomposition to Explore Individual Differences in Longitudinal Relations between Reading Skills
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Where you live matters: visualizing environmental effects on reading attainment.

Jeffrey A Shero1, Florina Erbeli2, Zoe E Reed3,4

  • 1Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.

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|October 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Socioeconomic status (SES) and location interact to shape reading ability. Genetic influences on reading are stronger in higher-SES environments and vary by geographic region.

Keywords:
gene–environment interactiongeographic locationreading attainmentsocioeconomic statustwin analyses

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Genetics
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Socioeconomic status (SES) moderates reading attainment, with genetic influences suppressed in deprived conditions.
  • Gene-SES and gene-location interactions influence reading attainment across different environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how SES and geographical location interact to moderate genetic and environmental influences on reading attainment.
  • Examine spatial variation in genetic and environmental contributions to reading comprehension.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 2,135 Florida twin pairs (mean age 13.82 years).
  • Operationalized reading attainment via reading comprehension scores and SES via household income.
  • Applied spatial twin analysis to assess gene-location and gene-SES-location interactions.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed a gene-SES interaction: heritability of reading was 23% in low-SES and 78% in high-SES homes.
  • Found significant variation in moderating parameter magnitudes across locations (-0.10 to 0.10 for genetic, -0.30 to 0.05 for environmental).
  • Observed higher genetic influence on reading in smaller areas with less SES variability.

Conclusions:

  • SES significantly impacts reading variability, with home location playing a crucial role.
  • Geographic location modulates the extent to which SES influences reading attainment etiology.
  • Multiple, inseparable environmental factors concurrently shape reading attainment development.