Iatrogenic Breast Lymphoedema: Incidence, Diagnosis, and Associated Risk Factors

While upper limb lymphoedema following breast and axillary surgery is well established in the literature, breast lymphoedema is rarely documented. Our primary objective was to identify risk factors of breast lymphoedema, and our secondary aim was to assess the possibility of using a breast ultrasound scan to assess breast lymphoedema. This study was a case series analysis, including patients who had wide local excision for primary breast cancer treatment between January 2013 and January 2018. Patients' demographics, including age, weight, body mass index (BMI), breast volume, tumour characteristics, and histological findings, were noted. All patients had a clinical assessment and ultrasound scan 6 months and 12 months after surgery, comparing ipsilateral to the contralateral breast skin, subcutaneous thickness, as well as parenchymal changes. We have included two hundred eighty-six breast cancer; the mean age was 54.7 years SD 17.3, the mean weight was 76.5 kg SD 12.6, the mean BMI was 31.5 SD 5.2, and the mean breast volume was 1223 ml SD 179. This study identified breast lymphoedema in patients with clinically detected skin oedema in the absence of radiotherapy skin changes; skin and subcutaneous 5 mm added thickness more than the contralateral side, and based on that, 22 patients (7.7%) were found to have breast lymphoedema. We have also found that patients with high BMI, larger breast volume, upper outer quadrant tumours, and patients who had axillary lymph node clearance had an increased incidence of breast lymphoedema. The incidence of breast lymphoedema in this cohort was 7.7%. We suggest that breast lymphoedema should be considered if skin and subcutaneous thickness are 5 mm more than the contralateral side in the absence of severe radiotherapy skin changes. Also, we have found that high body mass index (BMI), larger breast volume, upper outer quadrant tumours, and patients who had axillary lymph node clearance are associated with an increased incidence of breast lymphoedema.