Kinematic and Kinetic Comparisons of Arm Slot Position Between High School and Professional Pitchers

Throwing arm kinetics differ in pitchers at varying arm slot (AS) positions (frontal-plane arm position at ball release relative to the vertical axis).

To determine how kinematic and kinetic values differ between professional and high school pitchers with varying AS positions, and whether these differences are similarly observed in both populations.

High school (n = 130) and professional (n = 288) pitchers threw 8 to 12 fastballs under 3-dimensional motion capture technology. Pitchers in each cohort were subdivided based on mean AS position at ball release: AS₁ (least degree of AS: most overhand throwing styles), AS₂ (intermediate degree of AS: three-quarter throwing styles), or AS₃ (greatest degree of AS: most sidearm throwing styles). Kinetic and kinematic parameters were compared between groups.

Controlled laboratory study.

High school pitchers had a more overhand AS at ball release (50° ± 11°) compared with professional pitchers (58° ± 14°) (P < .001). In both cohorts, AS₁ pitchers had significantly greater shoulder abduction (high school, P <0.001; professional, P <0.0001) and lateral trunk flexion (high school, P < 0.001; professional, P <0.0001) at ball release compared with AS₃ pitchers. Professional pitchers with an AS₃ position had significantly delayed timing of maximum upper trunk angular velocity compared with AS₁ pitchers (64% ± 7% vs 57% ± 7% of pitch time, respectively; P < .0001). A significant positive correlation between AS and elbow flexion torque was found in high school pitchers (P = .002; β = 0.28), and a significant negative correlation between AS and elbow varus torque (P < .001; β = -0.22) and shoulder internal rotation torque (P < .001; β = -0.20) was noted in professional pitchers.

AS position was related to shoulder abduction and trunk lateral tilt. Professional and high school pitchers with varying AS positions did not experience similar changes in throwing arm kinetics.

In professional pitchers, the earlier onset of maximum upper trunk angular velocity with overhand throwing style may reflect inappropriate pelvis-trunk timing separation, a parameter implicated in upper extremity injury, and the negative correlation between AS and elbow varus and shoulder internal rotation torque suggests that both excessive and minimal AS positions have negative implications.