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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

$Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures$

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

Non-thermal structural transformation of diamond driven by x-rays.

Philip Heimann¹, Nicholas J Hartley², Ichiro Inoue³

¹Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.

Structural Dynamics (Melville, N.Y.)

|October 30, 2023

Summary

Intense X-ray pulses induce non-thermal structural changes in diamond, leading to lattice disordering and eventual graphitization at high doses. These findings align with advanced computational simulations.

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2025

$Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures$

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Published on: October 7, 2013

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$Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction$

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

Published on: April 1, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
X-ray Science

Background:

Intense X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses can drive non-thermal phase transitions in materials.
Diamond's unique crystal structure is susceptible to transformations under extreme conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the dynamics of X-ray-induced structural transformation in diamond.
To determine the dose threshold for graphitization in diamond.

Main Methods:

Utilized pump-probe XFEL experiments at SACLA to study diamond.
Analyzed diffraction patterns to track structural changes over time (0-250 fs) and varying X-ray doses (0.9-8.0 eV/atom).
Performed Debye-Waller analysis and compared experimental data with XTANT+ simulations.

Main Results:

Observed a decrease in diamond diffraction peak intensities (111, 220, 311) over time, indicating lattice disordering.
Debye-Waller analysis revealed anisotropic atomic displacements, larger perpendicular to (111) planes.
Graphitization (002 graphite peak) was confirmed at a 33 ms delay above a 1.2 eV/atom dose threshold.

Conclusions:

X-ray pulses induce significant non-thermal structural transformation and disordering in diamond.
Graphitization of diamond occurs above a specific X-ray dose threshold.
Experimental findings are consistent with hybrid computational models for X-ray-matter interactions.