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Measurements of Physiological Stress Responses in C. Elegans
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Thiol reductive stress activates the hypoxia response pathway.

Ravi1, Ajay Kumar2, Shalmoli Bhattacharyya2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India.

The EMBO Journal
|October 30, 2023
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Summary

Thiol antioxidants like dithiothreitol (DTT) activate the hypoxia response pathway, impacting gene expression and cellular stress. This interaction reveals a broader cellular effect of DTT beyond the endoplasmic reticulum.

Keywords:
C. eleganshif-1endoplasmic reticulumhypoxiareductive stress

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Stress Response

Background:

  • Thiol antioxidants, such as dithiothreitol (DTT), disrupt the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oxidative protein folding environment, serving as ER-specific stressors.
  • Previous work indicated thiol antioxidants modulate the methionine-homocysteine cycle by upregulating the methyltransferase rips-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans.
  • Cellular physiological changes induced by thiol stress that affect the methionine-homocysteine cycle were uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the uncharacterized cellular physiology linking thiol stress to the methionine-homocysteine cycle.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which thiol stress enhances rips-1 expression.
  • To explore the conserved nature and functional consequences of thiol stress-induced hypoxia response pathway activation.

Main Methods:

  • Forward genetic screens in Caenorhabditis elegans.
  • Demonstration of hypoxia response pathway activation by thiol stress.
  • Conservation studies in human cells.
  • Investigation of DTT's potential to activate the hypoxia response pathway via hydrogen sulfide production.

Main Results:

  • Thiol stress enhances rips-1 expression through the hypoxia response pathway in C. elegans.
  • Thiol stress activates the hypoxia response pathway, a mechanism conserved in human cells.
  • The hypoxia response pathway exacerbates thiol toxicity via rips-1 but also confers protection through rips-1-independent mechanisms.
  • Dithiothreitol (DTT) may activate the hypoxia response pathway by generating hydrogen sulfide.

Conclusions:

  • Thiol stress and the hypoxia response pathway interact in an intriguing manner.
  • The findings challenge the traditional view of dithiothreitol (DTT) solely disrupting the ER milieu.
  • This study reveals a broader cellular impact of thiol antioxidants involving the hypoxia response pathway and methionine-homocysteine cycle modulation.