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Mortar Properties

Mortar Properties

Mortar properties encompass a range of characteristics crucial for construction and masonry work, including workability, water retention, bond strength, durability, compressive strength, volume change, and appearance. Workability refers to mortar's ability to be easily applied and manipulated without sagging or falling off surfaces, which is important for efficient masonry unit placement and alignment. Water retention is essential to prevent the mortar from losing moisture too quickly to...

Porosity in Cement Paste

Porosity in Cement Paste

The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...

Strength of Cement

Strength of Cement

Strength tests for cement are not performed directly on neat cement paste due to difficulty in obtaining consistent, reliable specimens. Instead, cement is typically tested in the form of cement-sand mortar.
For compressive strength tests, ASTM C 109-05 standards prescribe a cement-sand mix ratio of 1:2.75 and a water/cement ratio of 0.485 for making 2-inch cubes. These cubes are mixed, cast, and cured in saturated lime water at 23°C until testing. Flexural strength testing, outlined in...

Pore Size Distribution

Pore Size Distribution

In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Setting Time of Cement

Setting Time of Cement

The setting time of cement refers to the process of cement paste transitioning from a plastic state to a solid state. This process is crucial in construction as it dictates the timeframe for concrete placement, compaction, and finishing. The onset of this solidification is termed the initial set, indicating when the paste becomes unworkable. The final set is when the paste has solidified completely, and further handling or manipulation can no longer affect its shape. The cement strength is...

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Related Experiment Video

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Fabrication of a Bioactive, PCL-based "Self-fitting" Shape Memory Polymer Scaffold

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Published on: October 23, 2015

[Processing properties and viscosities of PMMA bone cements].

Christian Paul¹, Erwin Steinhauser², Klaus-Dieter Kühn^3,4

¹Heraeus Medical GmbH, Wehrheim, Deutschland. christian.paul@heraeus.com.

Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany)

|October 30, 2023

Summary

Understanding the processing phases of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cements, including mixing, waiting, processing, and curing, is crucial. Factors like temperature and humidity influence these stages, impacting surgical safety and implant longevity.

Keywords:

Doughing time; Sticky phase Influencing factors Polymethylmethacrylate Setting time Working phase

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Published on: October 26, 2016

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Orthopedic Surgery

Context:

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cements are widely used in orthopedic surgery.
Their processing properties are critical for successful clinical application and patient outcomes.
Understanding the influence of external factors on PMMA bone cement behavior is essential.

Purpose:

To elucidate the distinct processing phases of PMMA bone cements: mixing, waiting, processing, and curing.
To identify key external factors, such as temperature and humidity, that influence these phases.
To emphasize the importance of manufacturer guidelines for optimal PMMA bone cement application.

Summary:

PMMA bone cement processing involves four phases: mixing, waiting, processing, and curing.
External factors like temperature and humidity significantly affect each phase.
Adherence to manufacturer instructions is vital for correct application and safe surgical procedures.

Impact:

Knowledge of PMMA bone cement properties enhances surgical preparation and application.
Understanding influencing factors improves the safety and reliability of bone cement procedures.
Optimized PMMA bone cement application contributes to improved implant function and extended service life.