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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Implementing active surveillance for low-risk thyroid carcinoma into clinical practice: collaborative recommendations for Latin America.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

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Molecular testing for thyroid nodules: Where are we now?

Carolina Ferraz1

  • 1Thyroid Diseases Unit - Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa of Sao Paulo, Av. Angélica, 2491 cj 104 - CEP: 01232-011, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. carolina.ferraz.endocrinologia@gmail.com.

Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
|October 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Molecular tests improve thyroid nodule diagnosis, reducing unnecessary surgeries for indeterminate samples (Bethesda III/IV). These tests also offer prognostic and therapeutic insights for thyroid cancer management.

Keywords:
Indeterminate cytologyMolecular markersMolecular testsThyroid nodule

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

  • Indeterminate thyroid nodules (Bethesda III/IV) account for 25% of fine needle aspirations.
  • Historically, most indeterminate nodules required diagnostic surgery, with low malignancy confirmation rates (13-34%).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility of molecular tests in managing indeterminate thyroid nodules.
  • To guide the application of molecular testing based on pre-test malignancy risk.
  • To discuss the evolving prognostic and therapeutic roles of molecular markers in thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Assessment of clinical, ultrasonographic, and cytological features to estimate pre-test malignancy risk.
  • Evaluation of commercially available molecular tests for diagnostic accuracy.
  • Review of current literature on molecular marker applications in thyroid cancer.

Main Results:

  • Molecular tests demonstrate good diagnostic performance and accuracy for indeterminate thyroid nodules.
  • These tests can help avoid unnecessary diagnostic surgeries.
  • Molecular markers are increasingly used for prognosis and guiding targeted therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular testing is a valuable tool for managing indeterminate thyroid nodules.
  • Personalized decisions regarding molecular testing can be made based on pre-test risk assessment.
  • Molecular markers play a crucial role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of thyroid cancer.