Association between substantia nigra degeneration and functional outcome in patients with basal ganglia infarction

Cerebral infarction in the basal ganglia may cause secondary and delayed neuronal degeneration in the substantia nigra (SN). However, the clinical significance of SN degeneration remains poorly understood.

This retrospective observational study included patients with acute ischemic stroke in the basal ganglia on initial diffusion-weighted imaging who underwent follow-up diffusion-weighted imaging between 4 and 30 days after symptom onset. SN degeneration was defined as a hyperintensity lesion in the SN observed on diffusion-weighted imaging. We compared functional outcomes at 3 months between patients with and without SN degeneration. A poor outcome was defined as a score of 3-6 (functional dependence or death) on the modified Rankin Scale.

Of 350 patients with basal ganglia infarction (median age = 74.0 years, 53.7% male), 125 (35.7%) had SN degeneration. The proportion of functional dependence or death was 79.2% (99/125 patients) in patients with SN degeneration, which was significantly higher than that in those without SN degeneration (56.4%, 127/225 patients, p < 0.001). SN degeneration was more frequent in patients with functional dependence or death (99/226 patients, 43.8%) than in those with functional independence (26/124 patients, 21.0%, p < 0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between SN degeneration and functional dependence or death (odds ratio = 2.91, 95% confidence interval = 1.17-7.21, p = 0.021).

The study showed that patients with degeneration of SN were associated with functional dependence or death at 3 months, suggesting that secondary degeneration is a predictor of poor stroke outcomes and a potential therapeutic target.