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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...
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Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Natural Selection Signatures in the Hondo and Ryukyu Japanese Subpopulations.

Xiaoxi Liu1,2, Masatoshi Matsunami3, Momoko Horikoshi4

  • 1Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|October 30, 2023
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Summary

This study explored natural selection in Japanese subpopulations using genome-wide data. It identified novel genetic loci and distinct selection patterns between Hondo and Ryukyu groups, revealing population-specific evolutionary pressures.

Keywords:
ALDH2FastSMCHondoJapaneseRyukyuiHSnatural selection

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Area of Science:

  • Population Genetics
  • Human Evolution
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Natural selection signatures in Japanese subpopulations remain under-explored.
  • Understanding genetic diversity and adaptation within Japan is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct genome-wide selection scans in two major Japanese subpopulations: Hondo and Ryukyu.
  • To identify novel candidate loci and differences in selection patterns between these groups.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide selection scans using 622,926 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 20,366 individuals.
  • Integrated haplotype score (iHS) analysis and FastSMC analysis were employed.
  • Comparison of selection signatures between Hondo and Ryukyu subpopulations.

Main Results:

  • Identified novel candidate loci, including IKZF2 in Ryukyu, and significant signals in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region.
  • Observed distinct lead variants and allele frequency differences in the MHC region between Hondo and Ryukyu.
  • FastSMC identified 8 loci under selection in the past 20-150 generations, including 2 novel candidates, and revealed differences in ALDH2 selection patterns.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into selection signatures within the Japanese population.
  • Identified population-specific genetic adaptations and potential sources of selection pressure.
  • Highlights the genetic distinctiveness of Hondo and Ryukyu subpopulations.