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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Neural Regulation01:37

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Bidirectional relationship between olfaction and Parkinson's disease.

Jonggeol J Kim1,2, Sara Bandres-Ciga3, Karl Heilbron4,5

  • 1Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, UK.

Medrxiv : the Preprint Server for Health Sciences
|October 31, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is linked to a reduced sense of smell, with genetics playing a role. While PD can cause hyposmia (loss of smell), the reverse is less certain.

Keywords:
Mendelian randomizationParkinson’s diseasegeneticshyposmialoss of smell

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Olfactory Research

Background:

  • Hyposmia, or loss of smell, is a frequent early indicator of Parkinson's disease (PD).
  • The genetic underpinnings connecting hyposmia and PD remain largely unexplored.

Conclusions:

  • Hyposmia and PD share genetic liability, but only within a subset of major PD risk genes.
  • Evidence strongly supports PD causing hyposmia, while the causal link from hyposmia to PD is less definitive.
  • This study underscores the heritability of olfactory function and its genetic relationship with Parkinson's disease.