Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

3.9K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
3.9K
Anatomical Terminology01:20

Anatomical Terminology

12.7K
Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe the human body with more precision and no ambiguity. Anatomical terms have mostly Greek and Latin-derived roots. Because these languages are rarely used in conversation, the meaning of words remains the same. Each term is made up of a root in between the prefixes and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,...
12.7K
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

4.7K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
4.7K
Nuclear Fission02:50

Nuclear Fission

9.7K
Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
9.7K
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

2.8K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
2.8K
Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

Nuclear Localization Signals and Import

5.7K
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
5.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Ultrasonographic punctate echogenic foci in metastatic lymph nodes and their presence in primary thyroid cancer.

Medicine·2026
Same author

Comparative Analysis of ACR TI-RADS and K-TIRADS: Inter-System Agreement and Diagnostic Performance Using a Single Study Cohort.

Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology·2026
Same author

Letter to the Editor: Microflow imaging for ultrasound risk stratification of thyroid nodules: potential roles and key considerations.

European radiology·2026
Same author

Recurrence risk of differentiated thyroid cancer treated with total or hemithyroidectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis.

European thyroid journal·2026
Same author

Artificial Intelligence for Mammography Ready for the Real-World: Turning Promise Into Reality.

Korean journal of radiology·2026
Same author

Site-specific fracture risk in chronic hypoparathyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
04:23

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

1.9K

International Expert Consensus on US Lexicon for Thyroid Nodules.

Cosimo Durante1, Laszlo Hegedüs1, Dong Gyu Na1

  • 1From the Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (C.D., G.G.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (L.H.); Department of Radiology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.G.N.); Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Rome, Italy (E.P.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio (J.A.S.); Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (J.H.B.); Endocrinology Unit, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy (A.F.); Department of Radiology, Keck Hospital of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif (E.G.); Department of Imaging, Universidad del Desarrollo, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Santiago, Chile (E.H.); Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, Md (J.K.H.); Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa (S.J.M.); Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo (W.D.M.); Department of Dental Radiological Imaging, Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust & King's College London Dental Institute, London, United Kingdom (R.N.); Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif (L.A.O.); Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.H.S.); Clinic for Endocrinology and Diabetology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland (P.T.); Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.H.Y.); and Department of Radiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, 619 19th St S, Birmingham, AL 35249 (F.N.T.).

Radiology
|October 31, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Standardizing thyroid nodule evaluation is crucial. An international group developed a common lexicon and atlas for ultrasound descriptors, aiming to reduce confusion and improve risk stratification accuracy for thyroid nodules.

More Related Videos

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

559
Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

25.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2025

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
04:23

A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images

Published on: April 21, 2023

1.9K
Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

559
Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration
10:19

Substernal Thyroid Biopsy Using Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration

Published on: November 10, 2014

25.6K

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Current US-based thyroid nodule risk stratification systems lack consistency.
  • Variability in terminology and interobserver interpretation hinders accurate malignancy probability assignment.
  • This leads to challenges in comparing study results and developing standardized diagnostic criteria.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish an international consensus on thyroid nodule ultrasound (US) descriptors.
  • To create a standardized lexicon and atlas for thyroid nodule US imaging.
  • To lay the groundwork for an international risk stratification system (I-TIRADS).

Main Methods:

  • Convening an international multidisciplinary group of 19 thyroid sonography experts (International Thyroid Nodule Ultrasound Working Group).
  • Conducting a two-phase development process: Phase I focused on lexicon and atlas creation.
  • Phase II aims to develop a malignancy risk estimation system.

Main Results:

  • Development of a comprehensive lexicon of US descriptors for thyroid nodules.
  • Creation of an atlas illustrating these sonographic features.
  • Phase I successfully established a standardized vocabulary for thyroid nodule ultrasound.

Conclusions:

  • The developed lexicon and atlas represent a significant step towards international standardization in thyroid nodule assessment.
  • This initiative aims to reduce diagnostic variability and improve the reliability of thyroid nodule risk stratification.
  • The findings are intended to foster global engagement and support for the I-TIRADS initiative.