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Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...

Tonicity in Plants

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Plant cells maintain appropriate osmotic balance in extreme conditions. For instance, plants in dry environments store water in vacuoles, limit the opening of their stoma, and have thick, waxy cuticles to prevent unnecessary water loss. Some species of plants that live in salty environments store salt in their roots. As a result, water osmosis occurs in the root from the surrounding soil.
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Disorder of Water Balance

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Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
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Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

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A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...

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Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Description of a Swine Infant Model of Volume-Controlled Hemorrhagic Shock

Description of a Swine Infant Model of Volume-Controlled Hemorrhagic Shock

Published on: November 3, 2023

[Hypotonic infant].

Daniela Alarcón Benítez¹, María de Los Angeles Beytía Reyes¹, Raúl G Escobar¹

¹Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

Andes Pediatrica : Revista Chilena De Pediatria

|October 31, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hypotonia in newborns and infants, characterized by decreased resistance to passive movement, presents a diagnostic challenge. Identifying the cause is crucial for effective management and prognosis, with recent advances aiding early diagnosis.

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Description of a Swine Infant Model of Volume-Controlled Hemorrhagic Shock

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Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers

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Area of Science:

Pediatrics
Neurology
Genetics

Background:

Neonatal and infant hypotonia is a common diagnostic challenge.
Identifying the etiology is essential for management, prognosis, and understanding associated morbidities.
Advances in molecular genetic testing and bioinformatics facilitate early and accurate diagnoses.

Conclusions:

Clinical evaluation is the critical first step in diagnosing the cause of hypotonia.
A combination of clinical clues, imaging, and genetic testing guides etiological diagnosis.
Therapy is primarily supportive, with specific treatments available for certain underlying conditions.