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Dark-centred umbels in Apiaceae: diversity, development and evolution.

Regine Claßen-Bockhoff1, Ferhat Celep2, Yousef Ajani1,3

  • 1Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (IOME), Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Saarstraße 21, 55099 Mainz, Germany.

Aob PLANTS
|November 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The dark centers of wild carrot umbels evolved multiple times and are likely stabilized by selection, possibly acting as beetle pollination marks. These structures are not homologous, suggesting parallel evolution driven by mutations.

Keywords:
AnatoliaArtedia squamataDaucus allianceEchinophora trichophyllabeetle marksdark-centred umbelsfloral unit meristemgeneralized pollinationhomologymulticyclic protandrymutationumbel development

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Area of Science:

  • Botany and Plant Evolution
  • Apiaceae-Apioideae Systematics
  • Pollination Biology

Background:

  • The wild carrot (Daucus carota) is known for dark flower centers, but their evolutionary origin and function remain unclear.
  • Previous research has explored the functional significance of these dark centers, yet a comprehensive understanding of their evolution is lacking.
  • This study investigates dark-centered umbels across various apioid species to elucidate their biological and evolutionary pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand the biology and evolution of dark-centered umbels in Apiaceae-Apioideae species.
  • To determine the homology and developmental origins of dark structures in different species.
  • To investigate the role of dark structures in plant-pollinator interactions and their adaptive significance.

Main Methods:

  • Reconstructed distribution areas of 10 apioid species using herbaria, literature, and fieldwork.
  • Conducted developmental studies in Artedia squamata and Echiophora trichophylla to assess homology.
  • Performed field studies on plant architecture, flower morphology, flowering sequences, and umbel visitor behavior, including manipulation experiments.

Main Results:

  • Dark structures are not homologous across species; they arise from different developmental pathways (e.g., modified central flowers, naked receptacle structures).
  • Species exhibit andromonoecy, modular architecture, and multicyclic protandrous flowering; beetles were the most abundant umbel visitors.
  • Manipulation experiments showed dark structures influence visitor behavior in some species, and gall infections were noted in Echinophora trichophylla.

Conclusions:

  • Dark umbel centers have evolved independently multiple times within Apiaceae-Apioideae, likely through mutations affecting umbel development.
  • These structures are stabilized by selection, suggesting a general adaptive function.
  • The prevalence in beetle pollination hotspots suggests dark centers may function as 'beetle marks', attracting or guiding pollinators.