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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice
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PAPILLARY MICROCARCINOMA OF THE THYROID GLAND - DOES SIZE MATTER?

R Dimov1,2, G Kostov1,2, M Doykov3,2

  • 1Department of Special Surgery, Medical University of Plovdiv Hospital Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest, Romania : 2005)
|November 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Nearly half of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients show invasive factors, necessitating individualized treatment strategies. This finding impacts therapeutic decisions for this common thyroid cancer.

Keywords:
capsular invasioncentral neck lymph nodespapillary microcarcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) treatment varies globally, sparking debate.
  • Diverse therapeutic strategies range from radical surgery to active monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate factors indicating invasiveness in PTMC.
  • To inform personalized treatment approaches for PTMC.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 184 PTMC patients.
  • Surgical data collected over five years at a single institution.

Main Results:

  • Invasive factors identified in 44.5% of patients.
  • Metastases (intra-organ, lymph node) observed in a significant proportion.
  • Lateral and skip metastases were noted in specific patient subgroups.

Conclusions:

  • PTMC can exhibit invasive characteristics despite a generally favorable prognosis.
  • An individualized therapeutic strategy is crucial for managing PTMC patients.
  • Findings underscore the need for careful patient selection for different treatment modalities.