Expanding indications for urogenital transplantation: congenital and oncologic defects, and gender affirmation

Penile transplantation has become an emerging option for patients with severe genital defects. Only transplantation restores anatomy, sexual, and reproductive function of the penis. However, penile transplantation comes with important technical, psychosocial, ethical, and surgical challenges that must be considered for successful implementation. Indications for penile transplantation have yet to be clearly elucidated.

Since 2006, only five penile transplants have been performed globally. Four of the five transplants have been performed following traumatic defects, and one was performed following a total penectomy from squamous cell carcinoma. Only two of the five penile transplants remain intact. However, long-term outcomes are encouraging with optimal surgical planning, patient selection, and immunologic compliance. Clinical implications and ethical considerations are discussed.

Penile transplantation is a novel solution for penile defects not amenable to traditional reconstructive approaches. With an evidence-based surgical technique, potential advantages include improved urinary function, sensation, and cosmesis. While patient selection is challenging, there is an ongoing effort to identify potential candidates. Indications are discussed in this article.