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P-N junction

P-N junction

A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...

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Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Published on: March 19, 2017

Homogenizing out-of-plane cation composition in perovskite solar cells.

Zheng Liang^1,2, Yong Zhang^3,4, Huifen Xu^1,2

¹Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Material, Institute of Solid-State Physics (ISSP), Hefei Institutes of Physical Science (HIPS), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, People's Republic of China.

|November 1, 2023

Summary

Researchers developed a method to improve perovskite solar cells by homogenizing cation distribution. This strategy enhances efficiency and stability in formamidinium (FA) cesium (Cs) lead iodide (PbI3) perovskite solar cells.

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2025

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Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Published on: September 8, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Renewable Energy
Photovoltaics

Background:

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) offer high efficiency and stability.
Compositional inhomogeneity in FA_1-xCs_xPbI₃ PSCs, due to A-site cation segregation, hinders photovoltaic performance.
Cesium (Cs) incorporation can improve perovskite lattice but may exacerbate segregation issues.

Purpose of the Study:

To visualize and understand the out-of-plane compositional inhomogeneity in FA_1-xCs_xPbI₃ perovskite films.
To identify the causes of cation segregation and its impact on device performance.
To develop a strategy for homogenizing cation distribution and improving PSCs.

Main Methods:

Visualization of out-of-plane compositional inhomogeneity in perovskite films.
Identification of underlying reasons for cation segregation.
Development of a chemical strategy using 1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrole to achieve compositional homogenization.

Main Results:

The study visualized compositional inhomogeneity along the vertical direction of perovskite films.
A strategy using 1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrole was devised to homogenize cation distribution.
The resulting p-i-n perovskite solar cells achieved a certified 25.2% steady-state photon-to-electron conversion efficiency and demonstrated durable stability.

Conclusions:

Homogenizing cation distribution is crucial for enhancing the performance of FA_1-xCs_xPbI₃ perovskite solar cells.
The developed strategy effectively addresses cation segregation, leading to improved efficiency and stability.
This work provides a pathway for fabricating high-performance and durable perovskite solar cells for scalable applications.