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¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism01:26

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism

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The Hofmann and Curtius rearrangement reactions can be applied to synthesize primary amines from carboxylic acid derivatives such as amides and acyl azides. In the Hofmann rearrangement, a primary amide undergoes deprotonation in the presence of a base, followed by halogenation to generate an N-haloamide. A second proton abstraction produces a stabilized anionic species, which rearranges to an isocyanate intermediate via an alkyl group migration from the carbonyl carbon to the neighboring...
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism01:14

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism

5.6K
Enamine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a secondary amine through a series of reactions. The mechanism begins with the generation of carbinolamine, a nucleophilic attack followed by several proton transfer reactions. The hydroxyl group of the carbinolamine is converted into water to make a better leaving group that can push the reaction forward by eliminating a water molecule. In enamine formation, the last step involves the abstraction of a proton from the α carbon to...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

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Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Kinetically matched C-N coupling toward efficient urea electrosynthesis enabled on copper single-atom alloy.

Mengqiu Xu1, Fangfang Wu2, Ye Zhang1

  • 1College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Nature Communications
|November 2, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel single-atom copper-alloyed palladium catalyst (Pd4Cu1) for efficient urea electrosynthesis from carbon dioxide and nitrate using renewable electricity. The catalyst significantly enhances urea yield and Faradaic efficiency by optimizing reaction kinetics and stabilizing key intermediates.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • The Bosch-Meiser process for urea production is energy-intensive and relies on fossil fuels.
  • Electrochemical synthesis of urea from CO2 and NO3- offers a sustainable alternative but faces challenges in reaction kinetics and intermediate management.
  • Existing catalysts struggle with low urea yield rates and Faradaic efficiency due to complex co-reduction pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly efficient catalyst for electrochemical urea synthesis from CO2 and NO3-.
  • To overcome kinetic limitations and improve C-N coupling efficiency in urea electrosynthesis.
  • To provide a sustainable and efficient alternative to the traditional Bosch-Meiser urea production method.

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of a single-atom copper-alloyed palladium catalyst (Pd4Cu1) supported on FeNi(OH)2.
  • Electrochemical characterization to evaluate urea yield rate and Faradaic efficiency.
  • In-situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations to elucidate reaction mechanisms and active sites.

Main Results:

  • The Pd4Cu1/FeNi(OH)2 catalyst achieved a high urea yield rate of 436.9 mmol gcat.-1 h-1 and a Faradaic efficiency of 66.4%.
  • The catalyst demonstrated excellent stability over 1000 hours of operation.
  • Cu doping and the Pd-Cu dual-site interface were found to regulate kinetics and stabilize key intermediates (*CO and *NH2) for efficient C-N coupling.

Conclusions:

  • Atomically dispersed Cu in the Pd lattice promotes nitrate reduction to *NH2.
  • The Pd-Cu dual-sites effectively lower the energy barrier for the crucial C-N coupling step.
  • This work presents a promising single-atom catalyst for efficient and sustainable electrochemical urea synthesis.