Management of traditional risk factors for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease

Area of Science:

• Nephrology
• Cardiology
• Endocrinology
• Public Health

Background:

• Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its cardiovascular complications represent a major global health burden, contributing significantly to worldwide morbidity and mortality.
• Despite the threat, advancements in pharmacotherapies, diagnostics, and public health initiatives are increasing focus on kidney health.
• Effective strategies are crucial for kidney disease prevention, early detection, and managing CKD progression and its complications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review major risk factors for developing CKD and its progression.
• To categorize these risk factors across cardiovascular, endocrine, lifestyle, and genetic/environmental domains.
• To discuss the scope, mechanistic underpinnings, and management of CKD.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing research on CKD risk factors and management.
• Categorization of risk factors into distinct domains: cardiovascular, endocrine, lifestyle, and genetic/environmental.
• Synthesis of information on scope, mechanisms, and therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

• Identified key risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, and genetic factors like APOL1.
• Highlighted cardiorenal syndrome, hypothyroidism, and specific environmental exposures (e.g., CKDu) as significant contributors.
• Emphasized the multifactorial nature of CKD etiology and progression.

Conclusions:

• CKD is a complex condition influenced by a wide array of interconnected risk factors.
• A comprehensive approach integrating prevention, early detection, and tailored management is essential.
• Understanding the diverse risk factors and their mechanisms is key to mitigating the global impact of kidney disease.