Roadmaps to green nephrology: a mediterranean point of view

Green nephrology is a movement whose aim is to find ways to reduce the environmental impact of kidney care. The question is of particular concern in this field since haemodialysis is one of the major contributors to waste generation, energy use and water consumption in healthcare. Although several ways for improving sustainability have been advocated, they are all context sensitive. This review aims to analyse the interventions that have been proposed to improve the ecologic sustainability and reduce the carbon footprint of nephrology care adapting to specific settings, and taking advantage of local expertise.

Green hospitals are becoming a reality in several high-income settings, thanks to new building guidelines, with greater awareness of climate change and users' demands. Water saving is feasible, and is increasingly done, in different ways (improving hardware, reducing and adapting dialysate flows). Recycling noncontaminated plastic waste is feasible, but is still rarely performed. However, ecological transition has been slow even in high-income countries, while in low and middle-income countries lack of resources limit the ability to cope with the planet's urgent needs. Conversely, where man-power cost is low, some time-consuming tasks, such as separation of various components for recycling may be affordable. Theoretically, implementation of all clinical tasks aiming to avoid or retard dialysis, should be a priority.

There is no single roadmap for achieving green nephrology. Each setting should start from those feasible interventions most in line with its specific needs and priorities.