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Related Concept Videos

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

2.6K
Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
2.6K
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

15.7K
Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
15.7K
ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

5.6K
Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
5.6K
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

16.7K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
16.7K
Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry01:33

Radical Halogenation: Stereochemistry

3.7K
Stereochemistry is the study of the different spatial arrangements of atoms in a given molecule. The stereochemistry of radical halogenations can be understood from three different situations:
Halogenation to form a new chiral center:
3.7K
Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics01:34

Radical Halogenation: Thermodynamics

3.8K
The thermodynamic favorability of a reaction is determined by the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG). ΔG has two components- enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). The entropy component is negligible for alkane halogenation because the number of reactants and product molecules are equal. In this case, the ΔG is governed only by the enthalpy component. The most crucial factor that determines ΔH is the strength of the bonds. ΔH can be determined by comparing the energy...
3.8K

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Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in a Soil Sample by a Modified QuEChERS Approach Using Ammonium Formate
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Analysis of Organochlorine Pesticides in a Soil Sample by a Modified QuEChERS Approach Using Ammonium Formate

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Perspective on halogenated organic compounds.

Prasada Rao S Kodavanti1, Lucio G Costa2,3, Michael Aschner4

  • 1Neurological and Endocrine Toxicology Branch, PHITD/CPHEA/ORD, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States.

Advances in Neurotoxicology
|November 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Halogenated organic chemicals (HOCs) contaminate the environment and pose health risks, including cancer and diabetes. Understanding and preventing HOCs exposure is crucial due to their persistence and widespread use.

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From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Halogenated organic chemicals (HOCs) are widely used in various industries, leading to global environmental contamination.
  • These persistent chemicals accumulate in environmental media and human tissues, raising ecological and health concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the widespread environmental contamination by HOCs.
  • To highlight the adverse health effects associated with HOCs exposure.
  • To discuss the trends in HOCs usage and the need for continued vigilance.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on HOCs.
  • Analysis of environmental and human tissue monitoring data.
  • Examination of regulatory actions and industry trends regarding HOCs.

Main Results:

  • HOCs are found globally in air, water, soil, and human tissues.
  • Exposure to HOCs is linked to reproductive, neurological, endocrine, and carcinogenic effects, as well as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
  • While some older HOCs have declined, newer ones like PBDEs and PFAS are increasing.

Conclusions:

  • Human exposure to HOCs is likely to continue due to their persistent nature and widespread use.
  • Preventive measures and a thorough understanding of HOCs' health effects are essential.
  • Regulatory actions have impacted HOCs usage, but ongoing monitoring and research are necessary.