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Phase-separated biomolecular condensates for biocatalysis.

Samuel Lim1, Douglas S Clark2

  • 1Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.

Trends in Biotechnology
|November 4, 2023
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Summary

Nature uses enzyme clusters called metabolons for metabolic control. Researchers are mimicking this with liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to organize enzymes in artificial systems for enhanced biocatalysis.

Keywords:
biocatalysisbiomolecular condensateenzyme cascadeliquid–liquid phase separation

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and synthetic biology
  • Enzyme engineering and catalysis

Background:

  • Metabolic reactions are often controlled by naturally occurring, dynamically assembling multienzymatic complexes known as metabolons.
  • Organizing enzymes spatially and temporally is crucial for efficient metabolic control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the use of biomolecular condensates, formed via liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), as a tool to organize enzymes for artificial biocatalytic systems.
  • To investigate the potential of LLPS in enhancing the performance and dynamic regulation of biocatalytic processes.

Main Methods:

  • Reconstitution of diverse enzymatic pathways within catalytic condensates in vitro.
  • Engineering synthetic membraneless organelles in living cells to harbor catalytic condensates.
  • Utilizing in vivo condensates for selective enzyme sequestration to regulate metabolic pathways.

Main Results:

  • Successful reconstitution of various enzymatic pathways within catalytic condensates.
  • Demonstration of engineered in vivo condensates for metabolic pathway regulation.
  • Evidence that LLPS can drive controlled enzyme assembly for biocatalysis.

Conclusions:

  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) offers a powerful strategy for organizing enzymes into functional biocatalytic systems.
  • Harnessing LLPS provides opportunities for dynamic regulation of artificial metabolic pathways.
  • This approach holds promise for developing advanced artificial biocatalytic systems inspired by natural metabolons.