Phenomenological Estimate of Isospin Breaking in Hadronic Vacuum Polarization

Puzzles in the determination of the hadronic-vacuum-polarization contribution currently impede a conclusive interpretation of the precision measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon at the Fermilab experiment. One such puzzle concerns tensions between evaluations in lattice QCD and using e^{+}e^{-}→hadrons cross-section data. In lattice QCD, the dominant isospin-symmetric part and isospin-breaking (IB) corrections are calculated separately, with very different systematic effects. Identifying these two pieces in a data-driven approach provides an opportunity to compare them individually and trace back the source of the discrepancy. Here, we estimate the IB component of the lattice-QCD calculations from phenomenology, based on a comprehensive study of exclusive contributions that can be enhanced via infrared singularities, threshold effects, or hadronic resonances, including, for the first time, in the e^{+}e^{-}→3π channel. We observe sizable cancellations among different channels, with a sum that even suggests a slightly larger result for the QED correction than obtained in lattice QCD. We conclude that the tensions between lattice QCD and e^{+}e^{-} data therefore cannot be explained by the IB contributions in the lattice-QCD calculations.