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Updated: Jul 11, 2025
Gastric Mucosa Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis for Detecting Helicobacter pylori and Antibiotic Resistance
Published on: March 7, 2025
Helicobacter pylori infection: a dynamic process from diagnosis to treatment
Qifang Sun1,2, Chengzhi Yuan2,3, Sainan Zhou4
1School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Insights
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections cause upper gastrointestinal diseases. This review covers H. pylori diagnosis, treatment challenges like antibiotic resistance, and emerging therapies.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Gastroenterology
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium causing gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer.
- Pathogenic mechanisms involve colonization and virulence factor expression.
- Accurate diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for positive clinical outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an overview of Helicobacter pylori infections.
- To highlight current diagnostic and treatment options for H. pylori.
Main Methods:
- Review of current literature on H. pylori diagnosis and treatment.
- Discussion of invasive and noninvasive diagnostic methods.
- Analysis of traditional and novel therapeutic strategies.
Main Results:
- H. pylori detection employs both invasive and noninvasive methods, each with pros and cons.
- Standard treatments include triple and bismuth quadruple therapies.
- Adjunctive therapies with probiotics and traditional Chinese medicine are being explored.
- Bacterial resistance complicates H. pylori eradication.
- No widely available preventive vaccine exists.
Conclusions:
- H. pylori infections present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
- Ongoing research focuses on novel treatments and overcoming bacterial resistance.
- Further advancements are needed for effective H. pylori management and prevention.
Abstract:
Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative microaerophilic pathogen, causes several upper gastrointestinal diseases, such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. For the diseases listed above, H. pylori has different pathogenic mechanisms, including colonization and virulence factor expression. It is essential to make accurate diagnoses and provide patients with effective treatment to achieve positive clinical outcomes. Detection of H. pylori can be accomplished invasively and noninvasively, with both having advantages and limitations. To enhance therapeutic outcomes, novel therapeutic regimens, as well as adjunctive therapies with probiotics and traditional Chinese medicine, have been attempted along with traditional empiric treatments, such as triple and bismuth quadruple therapies. An H. pylori infection, however, is difficult to eradicate during treatment owing to bacterial resistance, and there is no commonly available preventive vaccine. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of our understanding of H. pylori infections and to highlight current treatment and diagnostic options.
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