Risk factors for distant metastasis of Chondrosarcoma in the middle-aged and elderly people

Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary bone malignancy with the highest incidence in middle-aged and elderly people, where distant metastasis (DM) still leads to poor prognosis. The purpose of this study was to construct a nomogram for studying the diagnosis of DM in middle-aged and elderly patients with chondrosarcoma. Data on chondrosarcoma patients aged ≥ 40 years diagnosed from 2004 to 2015 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The data were divided into a training set and an internal validation set according to a 7:3 ratio, and the training set data were screened for independent risk factors for DM in chondrosarcoma patients using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The screened independent risk factors were then used to build a nomogram. In addition, data from 144 patients with chondrosarcoma aged ≥ 40 years diagnosed in a tertiary hospital in China from 2012 to 2021 were collected as the external validation set. The results were evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis in the training set, internal validation set, and external validation set. A total of 1462 middle-aged and elderly patients with chondrosarcoma were included, and 92 (6.29%) had DM at the time of diagnosis. Independent risk factors for DM in middle-aged and elderly patients with chondrosarcoma included being married (OR: 2.119, 95% CI: 1.094-4.105), histological type of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (OR: 1.290, 95% CI: 1.110-1.499), high-grade tumor (OR: 1.511, 95% CI: 1.079-2.115), T3 stage (OR: 4.184, 95% CI: 1.977- 8.858), and N1 staging (OR: 5.666, 95% CI: 1.964-16.342). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.857, 0.820, and 0.859 in the training set, internal validation set, and external validation set, respectively. The results of the calibration curve and decision curve analysis also confirmed that the established nomogram could accurately predict DM in middle-aged and elderly patients with chondrosarcoma. Married, histological type of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma, high-grade tumor, T3 stage, and N1 stage are independent risk factors for DM in middle-aged and elderly chondrosarcoma patients, and clinicians should see more attention.