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Related Concept Videos

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

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Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
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Transcription Initiation01:47

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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
The promoters and enhancers and their accessory proteins allow tight regulation of...
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General Transcription Factors01:30

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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The Eukaryotic Promoter Region02:40

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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

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RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

High Sensitivity Measurement of Transcription Factor-DNA Binding Affinities by Competitive Titration Using Fluorescence Microscopy
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The forkhead DNA-binding domain binds specific G2-rich RNA sequences.

Caroline Zutterling1, Anne-Laure Todeschini1, Deborah Fourmy2,3,4

  • 1Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris 75013, France.

Nucleic Acids Research
|November 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Forkhead (FOX) transcription factors bind DNA, but FOXL2 uniquely binds G2-rich RNA sequences. This novel RNA-binding capability of the forkhead domain has implications for gene regulation.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transcription factors regulate gene expression by binding specific DNA sequences.
  • The forkhead (FOX) transcription factor family utilizes a conserved forkhead domain (FHD) for DNA recognition.
  • FOXL2 is a member of the FOX family implicated in various biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the DNA-binding specificity of wild-type and oncogenic FOXL2.
  • To explore the potential RNA-binding capabilities of FOXL2 and other FOX proteins.
  • To identify target genes regulated by FOXL2 that may involve RNA interactions.

Main Methods:

  • DNA and RNA PCR-SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) were employed.
  • Recombinant wild-type and C134W variant FOXL2 proteins were used.
  • Gene expression analysis following FOXL2/Foxl2 knockdown was performed.

Main Results:

  • FOXL2, including the oncogenic C134W variant, binds similar A-rich DNA sequences, indicating conserved DNA-binding specificity.
  • FOXL2 demonstrates a significant preference for binding G2-rich RNA sequences over DNA.
  • A subset of genes regulated by FOXL2 knockdown contains G2-rich sequences and is involved in critical cellular pathways.

Conclusions:

  • The forkhead domain exhibits an unexpected ability to bind G2-rich RNA sequences.
  • This novel RNA-binding characteristic of FOXL2 may represent a new mechanism of gene regulation.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the biological significance of FOXL2's RNA-binding activity.