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Related Concept Videos

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

12.1K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
12.1K
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

10.3K
Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
10.3K
Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

15.7K
Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
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Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
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Octahedral Tantalum Bromide Clusters as Catalysts for Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution.

Jhon Sebastián Hernández1, Daniela Guevara1, Maxim Shamshurin2

  • 1Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avd. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia 46022, Spain.

Inorganic Chemistry
|November 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction using sunlight. Octahedral tantalum bromide clusters demonstrated significant hydrogen production, offering a low-cost, renewable energy solution.

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A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Photocatalysis
  • Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Developing efficient hydrogen generation from water using sunlight is crucial for renewable energy.
  • Non-noble metal catalysts are sought for cost-effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
  • Octahedral tantalum halide clusters are emerging as promising HER photocatalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the photocatalytic properties of octahedral aqua tantalum bromide clusters for HER.
  • Optimize HER conditions using response surface methodology.
  • Propose a reaction mechanism for photocatalytic hydrogen generation.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of octahedral aqua tantalum bromide clusters.
  • Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction experiments in acidic aqueous solutions.
  • Response surface methodology for optimizing methanol and HBr concentrations.
  • Computational and experimental analysis to propose a reaction mechanism.

Main Results:

  • The aqua tantalum bromide cluster compound demonstrated efficient precatalyst activity for HER.
  • Optimal conditions yielded a hydrogen production of 11 mmol·g⁻¹ (TON = 25).
  • The catalyst exhibited exceptional properties compared to other Ta-based materials.

Conclusions:

  • Octahedral aqua tantalum bromide clusters are effective photocatalysts for hydrogen generation.
  • The study provides insights into energy conversion schemes and reaction mechanisms.
  • This research contributes to the development of sustainable hydrogen production technologies.