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An evolutionary continuum from nucleated dwarf galaxies to star clusters.

Kaixiang Wang^1,2, Eric W Peng³, Chengze Liu^4,5

¹Department of Astronomy, Peking University, Beijing, China. kaixiang.wang@pku.edu.cn.

|November 8, 2023

Summary

Researchers identified 106 intermediate galaxies in the Virgo cluster, bridging the gap between dwarf galaxies and ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs). This discovery provides observational evidence for UCDs forming via tidal stripping of dwarf galaxies.

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Area of Science:

Astronomy and Astrophysics
Galaxy Evolution
Stellar Systems

Background:

Ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs) are dense stellar systems with sizes and masses distinct from globular clusters.
UCDs are hypothesized to be remnants of tidally stripped dwarf galaxies, but direct observational evidence has been scarce.
Previous studies identified UCDs but lacked a clear observational link to their proposed evolutionary pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the evolutionary link between dwarf galaxies and UCDs.
To identify and characterize intermediate objects that bridge the morphological gap between nucleated dwarf galaxies and UCDs.
To provide observational evidence for the tidal stripping of dwarf galaxies as a formation mechanism for UCDs.

Main Methods:

Systematic study of galaxy morphologies in the Virgo cluster.
Analysis of spatial distribution and colors of identified intermediate galaxies.
Examination of 'ultra-diffuse' tidal features surrounding some of these galaxies.

Main Results:

Identification of 106 galaxies with morphologies intermediate between nucleated dwarf galaxies and UCDs.
These objects fill the 'size gap' between star clusters and galaxies, revealing a morphological continuum.
Spatial distribution and redder colors suggest these are satellite galaxies undergoing tidal stripping.
Observed tidal features provide direct evidence of UCD formation through stripping.

Conclusions:

The study presents a complete observational map of the morphological transition from dwarf galaxies to UCDs.
This confirms tidal stripping as a key formation pathway for UCDs, potentially involving an initial nucleated ultra-diffuse galaxy phase.
These findings highlight UCDs as significant fossil remnants of ancient dwarf galaxies, suggesting more such remnants await discovery.