Reversible female contraceptives: historical, current, and future perspectives†

Area of Science:

• Reproductive Health
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Family planning and contraception have evolved significantly over time, from traditional methods to modern pharmaceutical and technological advancements.
• Understanding the history and transformations in contraceptive practices is crucial for appreciating current healthcare landscapes.

Approach:

• This review synthesizes information on reversible hormonal and non-hormonal birth control methods.
• It examines mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and effectiveness, including recent FDA-approved innovations.
• Novel delivery systems and non-hormonal approaches are also discussed.

Key Points:

• Current review details reversible hormonal (e.g., estetrol/drospirenone, progestin-only pills) and non-hormonal contraceptive methods.
• Emerging technologies like microchip and microneedle delivery systems are examined.
• FDA-approved vaginal pH regulators represent a new non-hormonal option.

Conclusions:

• Future contraceptive development should prioritize efficacy alongside side effect profiles and user acceptability.
• Continued research into novel delivery systems and non-hormonal methods is essential.
• Advancing female contraceptive options requires a comprehensive understanding of existing and emerging technologies.