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DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:37

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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Bug in the code: TB blocks DNA repair.

Bala T S A Madduri1, Samantha L Bell2

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection damages host cell DNA. A secreted protein inhibits DNA repair, promoting bacterial replication by exploiting this genetic damage.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Cellular genome integrity is vital for survival.
  • Infectious agents can inflict DNA damage, compromising genetic stability.
  • Understanding pathogen mechanisms that exploit host DNA damage is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how Mycobacterium tuberculosis utilizes host DNA damage.
  • To identify bacterial factors involved in manipulating DNA repair pathways.
  • To elucidate the link between DNA damage and M. tuberculosis replication.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of host-pathogen interactions during M. tuberculosis infection.
  • Investigating the role of secreted proteins in modulating host DNA repair.
  • Assessing the impact of DNA repair inhibition on bacterial survival and replication.

Main Results:

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis secretes a protein that interferes with host DNA repair mechanisms.
  • Inhibition of DNA repair creates a cellular environment favorable for bacterial proliferation.
  • The pathogen actively exploits compromised genetic integrity for its own advantage.

Conclusions:

  • M. tuberculosis possesses sophisticated strategies to manipulate host cellular processes.
  • Exploitation of DNA damage and inhibition of repair are key virulence factors.
  • Targeting these mechanisms could offer novel therapeutic strategies against tuberculosis.