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Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
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In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Gastritis, defined by the inflammation or irritation of the stomach lining or gastric mucosa, manifests in several distinct forms: acute, chronic, reactive, and a specific subtype known as autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis.
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Autoimmune Hepatitis: Pathophysiology.

Zhou Yuming1, Tang Ruqi1, Merrill Eric Gershwin2

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai, China.

Clinics in Liver Disease
|November 9, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic factors and gut microbiome alterations increase autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) susceptibility. Imbalances in immune cells and specific bacterial changes contribute to liver damage in AIH patients.

Keywords:
AutoantibodiesAutoimmune hepatitisAutoimmunityImmune regulationMicrobiomeMolecular mimicryT cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Microbiome research

Background:

  • Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by hepatocyte destruction.
  • Genetic predisposition and immune dysregulation are key factors in AIH pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify genetic and microbial factors associated with AIH susceptibility.
  • To elucidate the role of immune cell imbalance and gut microbiome alterations in AIH.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify risk genes.
  • Analysis of gut microbiome composition in AIH patients.
  • Review of recent evidence on microbial roles in liver autoimmunity.

Main Results:

  • HLA genes (e.g., HLA-DRB*0301, HLA-DRB*0401, HLA-B*3501) and non-HLA genes (CD28/CTLA4/ICOS, SYNPR) are associated with AIH susceptibility.
  • AIH patients exhibit decreased gut microbiome diversity, with reduced Bifidobacterium and increased Veillonella and Faecalibacterium.
  • Imbalance between proinflammatory and immunosuppressive cells, particularly Tregs and Th17 cells, contributes to hepatocyte damage.
  • Specific bacteria like E. gallinarum and L. reuteri may induce liver autoimmunity.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic and microbial factors synergistically contribute to AIH pathogenesis.
  • Gut dysbiosis and immune cell imbalance are critical in the development and progression of AIH.
  • Targeting microbial and immune pathways may offer novel therapeutic strategies for AIH.