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Systemic veins are crucial blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood from various body tissues back to the heart. There are three systemic veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart, they are as follows.
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Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Image Acquisition Method for the Sonographic Assessment of the Inferior Vena Cava
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What every intensivist should know about the IVC.

Philippe Rola1, Korbin Haycock2, Rory Spiegel3

  • 1Intensive Care Unit, Santa Cabrini Hospital, CEMTL, Montreal, Canada.

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|November 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Point-of-care ultrasound assessment of the inferior vena cava (IVC) for fluid responsiveness remains controversial. This review explores IVC anatomy and physiology, proposing a new assessment method and highlighting its role in fluid tolerance.

Keywords:
Critical careFluid responsivenessFluid toleranceIVC POCUSResuscitation

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Point-of-Care Ultrasound

Background:

  • The inferior vena cava (IVC) assessment using point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) for fluid responsiveness has been debated for decades.
  • Previous studies yielded equivocal results, primarily focusing on the IVC as a surrogate marker for fluid responsiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomical and physiological aspects of IVC ultrasound assessment.
  • To propose a novel method for IVC ultrasound assessment.
  • To elucidate the central role of IVC assessment in understanding fluid tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical and physiological principles relevant to IVC ultrasound.
  • Synthesis of existing literature on IVC assessment in resuscitation.
  • Development and description of a new ultrasound-based approach to IVC evaluation.

Main Results:

  • The IVC's anatomical and physiological characteristics are crucial for accurate ultrasound interpretation.
  • Existing methods for assessing fluid responsiveness via IVC ultrasound have limitations.
  • A new approach to IVC assessment is proposed, integrating anatomical and physiological insights.

Conclusions:

  • IVC ultrasound assessment is complex, requiring a thorough understanding of its anatomy and physiology.
  • The proposed novel method offers a potentially more reliable way to assess the IVC.
  • Understanding fluid tolerance, beyond mere responsiveness, is key, with IVC assessment playing a central role.