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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
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Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

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Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids
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Sequence-specific and Selective Recognition of Double-stranded RNAs over Single-stranded RNAs by Chemically Modified Peptide Nucleic Acids

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The First Nucleic Acid Strands May Have Grown on Peptides via Primeval Reverse Translation.

Arturo Tozzi1, Marco Mazzeo2

  • 1Center for Nonlinear Science, Department of Physics, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle, #311427, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA. tozziarturo@libero.it.

Acta Biotheoretica
|November 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primordial peptides may have guided the formation of early nucleic acids, proposing a protein-first origin of life. This "reverse translation" suggests peptides templated RNA synthesis before the current genetic code.

Keywords:
Nucleoside triphosphatesOrigin of lifePolypeptidePrebiotic chemistryRNA world

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Area of Science:

  • Origin of Life
  • Prebiotic Chemistry
  • Molecular Evolution

Background:

  • The central dogma describes DNA to protein information flow via RNA.
  • Alternative hypotheses explore early life's chemical origins beyond the RNA world.
  • The availability of biomolecules on Hadean Earth is a key consideration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a protein-first scenario for the origin of biological polymers.
  • To introduce the concept of 'selective amino acid- and nucleotide-matching oligopeptides' (SANMAOs) as prebiotic templates.
  • To explore the plausibility of 'reverse translation' from peptides to nucleic acids.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of prebiotic conditions and biomolecule availability.
  • Postulation of a novel class of peptides (SANMAOs) with dual binding capabilities.
  • Theoretical modeling of SANMAO-mediated templating of nucleic acid polymerization.

Main Results:

  • Hypothesized SANMAOs could noncovalently bind both amino acids and nucleotides.
  • A theoretical model demonstrates a poly-Glycine peptide templating a purine chain (GGG codon).
  • SANMAOs could facilitate the formation of early, low-fidelity RNA polymers.

Conclusions:

  • A protein-first model offers an alternative to the RNA world hypothesis.
  • SANMAOs provide a plausible mechanism for templating early nucleic acid synthesis.
  • This framework suggests an archaic 'reverse translation' preceding modern genetic systems.