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Snakebite epidemiology, outcomes and multi-cluster risk modelling in Eswatini
Sara Padidar1,2,3, Ara Monadjem1,4, Thea Litschka-Koen2,3
1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, Kwaluseni, Eswatini.
Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases
|November 10, 2023
Summary
Snakebite risk in Eswatini is highest in rural agricultural areas, particularly during summer evenings. This study identifies high-risk zones to guide prevention and treatment, aiming to reduce snakebite morbidity and mortality.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Public Health
- Toxicology
Background:
- Snakebite envenoming is a significant global health issue, yet data on incidence and severity are limited, hindering resource allocation.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) Snakebite Strategy aims to halve morbidity and mortality by 2030.
- Understanding Eswatini's specific snakebite epidemiology is crucial for targeted interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the epidemiology and outcomes of snakebite envenoming in Eswatini.
- To identify socio-geographical factors associated with snakebite risk and poor outcomes.
- To develop risk models for improved snakebite prevention and treatment strategies.
Main Methods:
- Utilized programmatic data from Eswatini's Ministry of Health (2019-2021).
- Developed a snake species richness map using niche modeling of venomous snake occurrences.
- Formulated risk indices integrating species richness, geospatial data, and reported snakebites, analyzed via multivariate cluster modeling.
Main Results:
- An average of 466 snakebites were recorded annually in Eswatini.
- Bites occurred nationwide, peaking in summer evenings; high-risk areas were identified in rural and agricultural regions.
- Two cluster risk maps highlighted zones with high snakebite probability and high probability of poor outcomes.
Conclusions:
- Snakebite risk models can guide Eswatini towards the WHO's 2030 goal of reducing snakebite morbidity and mortality by 50%.
- Identified high snakebite rates and regional antivenom supply challenges necessitate improved prevention and treatment tools for rural healthcare workers.
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