EMC rectifies the topology of multipass membrane proteins

Most eukaryotic multipass membrane proteins are inserted into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Their transmembrane domains (TMDs) are thought to be inserted co-translationally as they emerge from a membrane-bound ribosome. Here we find that TMDs near the carboxyl terminus of mammalian multipass proteins are inserted post-translationally by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein complex (EMC). Site-specific crosslinking shows that the EMC's cytosol-facing hydrophilic vestibule is adjacent to a pre-translocated C-terminal tail. EMC-mediated insertion is mostly agnostic to TMD hydrophobicity, favored for short uncharged C-tails and stimulated by a preceding unassembled TMD bundle. Thus, multipass membrane proteins can be released by the ribosome-translocon complex in an incompletely inserted state, requiring a separate EMC-mediated post-translational insertion step to rectify their topology, complete biogenesis and evade quality control. This sequential co-translational and post-translational mechanism may apply to ~250 diverse multipass proteins, including subunits of the pentameric ion channel family that are crucial for neurotransmission.