Factors of Capital on Depression in Older Adulthood: A Comparison of Urban and Rural Regions in Korea

This study analyses old-age capital in its economic, cultural, and social components, in terms of how it impacts on depression in the elderly, comparing urban and rural regions. Our comparative analysis in urban and rural areas focuses on South Korea, using the Korean Welfare Panel Data from 2012 to 2020. Time-series trends and variables measuring capital and depression in older adults were examined in panel data analyses. Depression among the Korean elderly was at a similar level in urban and rural areas, whereas satisfaction regarding income levels, leisure life, and social relationships was higher for older adults in rural areas. We also found that the higher the economic capital, the higher the leisure life satisfaction (cultural capital), and the higher the social relationship satisfaction (social capital), the lower the rates of depression. Finally, depression among the urban elderly did not decrease as house prices increased as a component of economic capital, and depression decreased among groups participating in volunteer activities as part of the social capital of the rural elderly. In accordance with the socioemotional selectivity theory, older adults in rural areas in Korea have an advantage in terms of cultural capital due to their environment, whereas the psychosocial environment theory is relevant to urban elderly people experiencing relative deprivation in terms of economic capital.