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Related Concept Videos

The Cell Cycle Control System01:28

The Cell Cycle Control System

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The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
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Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Inhibition of Cdk Activity02:34

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The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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TOR Complex 1: Orchestrating Nutrient Signaling and Cell Cycle Progression.

Magdalena Foltman1,2, Alberto Sanchez-Diaz1,2

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International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 14, 2023
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Summary

The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) pathway coordinates cell growth with the cell cycle in yeast. This review details how TORC1 activity influences cell cycle progression, maintaining homeostasis and chromosome stability.

Keywords:
S. cerevisiaeTORTORC1budding yeastcell cyclecell growth

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Experimental Approaches to Study Mitochondrial Localization and Function of a Nuclear Cell Cycle Kinase, Cdk1
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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway is a highly conserved regulator of cellular processes in eukaryotes.
  • TOR complex 1 (TORC1) integrates environmental signals to control cell growth and proliferation.
  • Coordination between cellular growth and the cell cycle is essential for maintaining cell size homeostasis and genomic stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms by which TORC1 regulates the cell cycle in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
  • To highlight the importance of TORC1 activity dynamics in cell cycle progression.
  • To underscore the role of yeast as a model for understanding the mammalian ortholog, mTORC1.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of established research on TORC1 signaling and cell cycle regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Analysis of molecular pathways connecting TORC1 activity to cell cycle checkpoints and progression.
  • Comparative analysis with mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) function.

Main Results:

  • TORC1 activity is dynamically regulated, with successive periods of high and low activity facilitating proper cell cycle progression.
  • TORC1 influences key cell cycle events, including DNA replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
  • Disruptions in TORC1 signaling can lead to imbalances in cell growth and cell cycle defects.

Conclusions:

  • TORC1 plays a critical role in linking cellular growth control with cell cycle progression in yeast.
  • Understanding TORC1-mediated cell cycle regulation in yeast provides insights into conserved mechanisms in other eukaryotes, including humans.
  • Dynamic regulation of TORC1 activity is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing genomic instability.