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Liver Regeneration

Liver Regeneration

The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
Cells of Liver
The liver comprises four major types of cells— hepatocytes, stellate, Kupffer, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The hepatocytes are large...

Gross Anatomy of the Liver

Gross Anatomy of the Liver

The liver, the largest gland within the human body, is a firm and reddish-brown organ. This wedge-shaped structure weighs approximately 1.5 kg and occupies a significant portion of the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions. It extends more to the right of the body's midline than to the left.
Located under the diaphragm, the liver is almost entirely ensconced within the rib cage, providing it with substantial protection. Except for the superior most bare area, the liver's surface is covered...

Liver Physiology

Liver Physiology

The liver, an essential organ in the human body, performs over 200 vital functions that can be broadly categorized into metabolic, hematological, endocrine regulation, and bile production.
Metabolic Regulation:
The liver is the central organ involved in regulating blood composition. It stabilizes blood glucose levels, maintaining them within the range of 70–110 mg/dL. When these levels drop, the liver breaks down glycogen reserves and releases glucose into the bloodstream. It can also...

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2026

A Biomimetic Model for Liver Cancer to Study Tumor-Stroma Interactions in a 3D Environment with Tunable Bio-Physical Properties

A Biomimetic Model for Liver Cancer to Study Tumor-Stroma Interactions in a 3D Environment with Tunable Bio-Physical Properties

Published on: August 7, 2020

Modeling Liver Development and Disease in a Dish.

Waqas Iqbal^1,2,3, Yaru Wang^1,2,3, Pingnan Sun^1,2,3

¹Stem Cell Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|November 14, 2023

Summary

Liver organoids, derived from stem cells, offer a human-specific model for studying liver development and disease, overcoming limitations of traditional animal models. This technology advances disease mechanism understanding, drug screening, and personalized medicine.

Keywords:

human pluripotent stem cell liver development metabolic liver disease organ-on-chip organoids primary liver cancer regenerative medicine viral infection

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Establishment and Genetic Manipulation of Murine Hepatocyte Organoids

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In Vitro Cultivation Techniques for Modeling Liver Organogenesis, Building Assembloids, and Designing Synthetic Tissues using Human Cell Lines

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Last Updated: Jul 24, 2026

A Biomimetic Model for Liver Cancer to Study Tumor-Stroma Interactions in a 3D Environment with Tunable Bio-Physical Properties

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Published on: August 7, 2020

Establishment and Genetic Manipulation of Murine Hepatocyte Organoids

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In Vitro Cultivation Techniques for Modeling Liver Organogenesis, Building Assembloids, and Designing Synthetic Tissues using Human Cell Lines

In Vitro Cultivation Techniques for Modeling Liver Organogenesis, Building Assembloids, and Designing Synthetic Tissues using Human Cell Lines

Published on: April 18, 2025

Area of Science:

Biotechnology and Regenerative Medicine
Human Organoid Technology
Liver Biology and Disease Research

Background:

Traditional reliance on animal models for biological research presents limitations due to species-specific differences, particularly in understanding human liver development and disease.
3D organoid models, derived from pluripotent stem cells or tissue-derived stem cells, have emerged as powerful tools to recapitulate human organ biology.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advances in organoid technology, focusing on liver organoids.
To highlight the application of liver organoids in understanding human-specific biological processes in development and disease.
To discuss the utility of organoid models in drug screening and personalized medicine.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on organoid technology and liver organoid applications.
Analysis of how organoid models overcome limitations of animal models in studying human liver biology.
Exploration of organoid applications in disease mechanism elucidation, drug discovery, and personalized therapeutics.

Main Results:

Organoid technology provides a more accurate recapitulation of human organ biology compared to animal models.
Liver organoids are instrumental in dissecting human-specific liver development and disease mechanisms.
Organoid models show significant promise for high-throughput drug screening and the development of personalized medicine strategies.

Conclusions:

Organoid technology, particularly liver organoids, represents a significant advancement in biological research.
These models are crucial for addressing human-specific questions in liver development and disease that are intractable with animal models.
The application of organoids in drug screening and personalized medicine is rapidly expanding, offering new avenues for therapeutic development.