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Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes01:30

Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

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Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Tick Microbiome Characterization by Next-Generation 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing
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Tick-Borne Encephalitis (TBE): From Tick to Pathology.

Dominic Adam Worku1,2

  • 1Infectious Diseases, Morriston Hospital, Heol Maes Eglwys, Morriston, Swansea SA6 6NL, UK.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|November 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a growing neurological threat in Europe and Asia. This review details TBE virus, its increasing incidence, and the need for better diagnostics and treatments to combat long-term effects.

Keywords:
TBEdiagnosisencephalitismanagementneurovirulenceorthoflavivirusespresentation

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a significant neurological disease caused by the TBE virus (Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis), endemic across Europe and Asia.
  • The condition often results in severe neurological involvement and long-term post-encephalitis syndrome, impacting patient morbidity.
  • TBE's incidence is rising, with evolving epidemiology linked to global warming and new transmission foci.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of TBE, covering its symptomatology, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention strategies.
  • To highlight the current gaps in understanding TBE pathogenesis and the need for improved clinical management.
  • To inform healthcare professionals about the increasing threat and evolving epidemiology of TBE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on TBE pathogenesis, transmission, clinical presentation, and management.
  • Analysis of factors influencing TBE disease phenotype, including viral strain, host immune response, and age.
  • Exploration of current and potential therapeutic interventions, including antivirals and monoclonal antibodies.

Main Results:

  • TBE pathogenesis is not fully understood, influenced by transmission routes, viral factors, and host characteristics.
  • The disease can lead to severe neurological complications and long-term morbidity in a substantial percentage of cases.
  • Current understanding necessitates further research into diagnostics, treatment, and prevention.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of TBE symptomatology, diagnostics, treatment, and prevention is crucial for healthcare professionals.
  • There is an urgent need for robust surveillance data and randomized controlled trials for effective TBE management.
  • Improving the management and outcomes of TBE requires further research into novel therapeutic agents and strategies.