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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Investigating the Phase Transition Kinetics of 1-Octadecanol/Sorbitol Derivative/Expanded Graphite Composite Phase

Jun Xu1, Yuanyuan Li1, Xiaomin Cheng1,2

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Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 14, 2023
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Summary

This study reveals that adding 1,3:2,4-di-(3,4-dimethyl) benzylidene sorbitol (DMDBS) and expanded graphite (EG) to 1-octadecanol (OD) alters its phase transition mechanism. The composite material exhibits a wider usable temperature range, improving its performance.

Keywords:
differential scanning calorimetrykinetic predictionsnon-isothermal kineticsorganic composite phase change materialsphase transition processes

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Organic composite phase change materials (PCMs) are crucial for thermal energy storage.
  • Understanding the influence of additives on the phase transition of organic matrices is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phase transition process of a composite PCM using 1-octadecanol (OD) as the matrix.
  • To analyze the effects of a network framework composed of 1,3:2,4-di-(3,4-dimethyl) benzylidene sorbitol (DMDBS) and expanded graphite (EG).

Main Methods:

  • Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed at various linear heating rates.
  • Isoconversional and multivariate non-linear regression methods were used to establish a reaction model.
  • Microscopic morphology analysis was conducted.

Main Results:

  • A two-step consecutive reaction model was developed for the composite PCM.
  • Apparent activation energies and pre-exponential factors were determined.
  • The first step's reaction mechanism differed from pure OD, with decreased initial and increased later stage activation energies due to size and nanoconfinement effects.
  • The composite PCM demonstrated a wider available temperature range than pure OD.

Conclusions:

  • The composite PCM exhibits modified phase transition kinetics and an enhanced temperature range.
  • Size and nanoconfinement effects significantly influence the phase transition process.
  • This research offers insights into the phase transition of organic composite PCMs for improved evaluation.