Land Use and Land Cover Classification Meets Deep Learning: A Review

As one of the important components of Earth observation technology, land use and land cover (LULC) image classification plays an essential role. It uses remote sensing techniques to classify specific categories of ground cover as a means of analyzing and understanding the natural attributes of the Earth's surface and the state of land use. It provides important information for applications in environmental protection, urban planning, and land resource management. However, remote sensing images are usually high-dimensional data and have limited available labeled samples, so performing the LULC classification task faces great challenges. In recent years, due to the emergence of deep learning technology, remote sensing data processing methods based on deep learning have achieved remarkable results, bringing new possibilities for the research and development of LULC classification. In this paper, we present a systematic review of deep-learning-based LULC classification, mainly covering the following five aspects: (1) introduction of the main components of five typical deep learning networks, how they work, and their unique benefits; (2) summary of two baseline datasets for LULC classification (pixel-level, patch-level) and performance metrics for evaluating different models (OA, AA, F1, and MIOU); (3) review of deep learning strategies in LULC classification studies, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), autoencoders (AEs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), and recurrent neural networks (RNNs); (4) challenges faced by LULC classification and processing schemes under limited training samples; (5) outlooks on the future development of deep-learning-based LULC classification.