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Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
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In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in...
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Low-Loss Paper-Substrate Triple-Band-Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna for Sub-7 GHz Applications.

Ajit Kumar Singh1, Santosh Kumar Mahto1, Rashmi Sinha2

  • 1Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi 834010, India.

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|November 14, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents a low-cost, reconfigurable multiband antenna using commercial photo paper and PIN diodes. The design achieves wideband frequency coverage from 1.91 GHz to 6.75 GHz, reducing the need for multiple electronic components.

Keywords:
Internet of Things (IoT)PIN diodesmultiband antennapatch antennareconfigurable antenna

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Electromagnetics
  • Antenna Design

Background:

  • Traditional multiband antennas often require complex structures and numerous components.
  • Developing cost-effective and reconfigurable antenna solutions is crucial for modern wireless communication systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and validate a low-cost, printed, reconfigurable multiband antenna.
  • To demonstrate the effectiveness of PIN diodes in achieving frequency reconfigurability and wideband operation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a resin-coated commercial photo-paper substrate for antenna fabrication.
  • Incorporated two PIN diodes to control surface current distribution and enable reconfigurability.
  • Performed parametric analysis for optimizing antenna design parameters.
  • Investigated U-shaped, C-shaped, and primary emitters for specific frequency bands.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a wideband frequency range from 1.91 GHz to 6.75 GHz.
  • The antenna operates at distinct bands including 2.4 GHz, 3.5 GHz, and 5.9 GHz.
  • Attained a peak gain of 3.4 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 90%.
  • Simulated and measured results showed favorable agreement for reflection coefficient, radiation pattern, gain, and efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed low-cost printed reconfigurable multiband antenna is a viable solution for wireless and mobile communication bands.
  • The use of PIN diodes effectively achieves multiband frequency operation and wideband performance, simplifying the overall electronic design.
  • The design demonstrates a cost-effective approach to multiband antenna development using readily available materials.